SPORT AS MADE FROM SOCIAL sociological perspective and Sport
Hi. I hope you have had a wonderful Christmas and a good entry this year. Happy 2011!, This time I am going to leave a post for all those who ever wondered how you are turning the sport has evolved and sociological relationship that links us, is that as a great author said "sport is a mirror of society ..." I hope you like, a hug:
Silvia Guzman Morales
Murcia (Spain)
Signs and early Sport:
live in the era of the sport (Cazorla , 1979), the sport itself has become a global phenomenon that affects not only free time but also in the economy, power and society, the latter through the mass media.
Sport is generated around a number of concerns such as morality and public health, the degeneration of the race and the need to ensure cohesion between social classes. Its development engines were found around 2 areas: The economic, as areas of high-tech industries. Political influence: quality of life and prestige factors multitucional sporting character. These engines developed as a means of consumption which ensured a significant economic value to the media, the state and more particularly the government, new technologies based on sports science ensuring scientific and technological progress in certain areas, in addition to interactional politics in sport by ensuring a better quality of life, quality of life possible on certain terms with activity physical, why spectator sport has an influence on the quality of life, has for all those involved in the show? but what about for the fans? What kind of quality of life gives them the sport?.
sport and education. Historical evolution
Since the early twentieth century, there is great concern for educational issues in the various governments that are happening. The creation of the Ministry of Public Instruction in 1900 and confirmed it. There was a public interest in formal education. The Second Republic aboard a broad education reform supported by three pillars: education secular, free and coeducation in primary education emphasizing the creation of "educational missions" and the Magisterium to the formation of a large number of teachers.
In the early twentieth century, and the international context, this period can be defined as the "Big Moves" Physical Education (PE), however in Spain, things were different. Despite the extensive legislative provisions on education in general and in particular EF significant progress is not rise until the seventies, keeping the EF. the hygiene and military gave Jovellanos. From this decade, according to Contreras (2004) integration with other countries has been gradually taking now a boom in all its facets, sport, recreational and educational.
Different Curricula to be happening at all levels of education, trying to adapt to social demands in education, always subject to progress politicians of the moment.
The birth of the EF, as a means of integral education, with the idea of \u200b\u200bpolitical importance and desire for social change, is due to Rousseau. The fields comprising the EF were: education of the senses, Hygiene, games, outdoor sports, and exercise or practice of these activities according to their idea of \u200b\u200beducation for resistance, survival, or development work manuals and artisans.
in all, summing up the historical essence of the EF, we can establish that as a new educational approach that involves the body, which appeared in Europe in the seventeenth century, this idea is developed throughout the twentieth century in Europe in terms of three parameters or circumstances:
• The democratization of education
• The advancement of medical science
• Progress in the formation of hosts and the evolution of military science.
postindustrial society in crisis, defined by increased leisure of the population satisfied with their life styles, has redefined the health of the population, health ethics comes down to aesthetics, this sport has had a resurgence in society but in turn a decrease in the curriculum, physical education in schools has two hours a week, now want to reduce a subject to be "somewhat helpful" to other theory, the first goal of science degree in physical activity and sport is definitely getting what you deserve physical education go beyond the educational curriculum.
Gender and Sport:
Female participation in sport can be played by one hand, as a further act by the possibility of bodily control and display, and on the other hand, as the promoting a distorted body, masculine and feminine stereotype as foreign to Hargreaves (1990).
If we analyze carefully and try to understand these words we find an object to grasp, the stereotype, what is the stereotype and where from? Stereotypes are simplified representations of certain groups (gender, age, race, sport played, etc..) Regarding the behavior, attitudes, values, expectations, setting up a social label.
But if we go deeper we would know where the stereotypes. We have to refer to history, years and years of history, that hark back to prehistoric times, where women were those who remained in the care of children by keeping your home, turn the man was dangerously foraging for food and supported his family with great effort physical, hence man is associated with the stereotype of strong, brave and cold, the woman is therefore particularly motherhood highlights are embedded in the walls of the caves with pictorial representations.
If we step back in history, in the Middle Ages women were devoted exclusively to motherhood and housekeeping, in the upper classes this changed as women were responsible for children and control of the wishes of her husband, lord and master. Blacks at that time was represented inacritud slavery so that the woman was a slave to her own husband.
In Modernism, the woman slowly begins to break down the fees to be home caring for children and begins to work, thus a precedent for economic independence and opening roads but otherwise in becoming more " slave "than before, now have to focus when you come home to continue working on household chores. Any change or progress involves a reversal in this case this long transition phase culminated in postmodernism, this last step at the present time the woman is more independent, and not at the expense of her husband (do not fall into the trap of generalizing, here we speak of a modern woman), does its job and then at home are the two which responsible for cleaning and childcare.
In modern times a woman can have access to male jobs (although few that do) not of equal pay but the continued progress of the capitalist system and the policy has expectations of matching male and female salaries for the same labor practice.
If we ask ourselves is this related to the sport is easy, a woman is devoted exclusively to their children and household chores do not have time to play sports, of course in times of motherhood was unthinkable practice some form of physical activity, therefore the woman is at a disadvantage to men in this respect, facing the entire history of humanity, now women's sports boom is lower than the male (we refer to high performance), income from a woman's sporting successes are insufficient to live without having to perform other tasks on the contrary a man that salary is enough to have a life of luxury.
Without deviating from the topic now we focus on stereotypes which is what interests us, once narrated a brief history of women can say that women as we said before did not have time for sports, physical activities and sports were practiced by men since its appearance was the suitable for the practice, as the sport put strong and athletic, a woman with muscles was a roaring horror idea that women should be thin, delicate, smooth and above all women and muscles break with the femininity of the woman ( the latter is questionable) and go against the canons of female beauty, and aesthetics.
is important fees associated with aesthetic beauty and to know where these fees come as I understand now call "fashion." The body is in, and with it the aesthetics, it makes the gyms are filled and that the "personal trainer" are in full swing, but not only talking to women, men today are so concerned about him as women.
The canons of beauty are set up by the mass media are splashing their advertising and media to permeate society at all in some way with the ideals of beauty, a woman too thin, the responsibility for these fees of Beauty can be attributed not only to men that women in their most profound ignorance (or not so deep) throws stereotypes through fashion and models, women have to be like and dress this way, all this, Search of the body 10 are born global problems such as anorexia and bulimia than many other more severe psychological. Therefore, if the stereotype is to be extremely thin, a woman athlete with muscle mass and size 40 is outside of these charges and therefore unattractive aesthetically, this reference go sports men and women (not the only factor of course ) the difference is far in developing strength and muscle mass, men's sports in which advocates the fight and force as boxing and weightlifting and women's sports in which emphasizes the beauty and harmony such as gymnastics and synchronized swimming, in addition as if this were not enough once it was unthinkable that a woman fight, boxing was forbidden to women, that the sport was founded on the values \u200b\u200b(values \u200b\u200bvery debatable) male only has to recall the prehistoric period cited above.
We can therefore say that the sports genre is a social issue and is a major concern of the sociology of sport at which he is much to study in this field.
Sport, politics and media:
Garcia Ferrando (2006) states that governments have put all their attention on this expanding, Sport, and seek to control or total lines partly political, legal and administrative provisions of this network.
of European countries have enacted laws and regulations and orders governing the sports sector. According to Burrows (1992), the club became professional sports clubs in order to become self-sufficient economically. This is strictly linked to the mass media that make the sport, despite the redundancy, the spectacle of masses that make political and economic benefits and laws regulating employment contracts to athletes and the rest of labor practices.
Public funds are the core of funding in this respect, Spain was incorporated late to this public funding. The sport offers many opportunities for configuration of identity and collective consciousness, so that politicians are aware of their role as propaganda. They use the organization of events, successes and sports failures, attributing them to political action.
If we refer now to the mass media we have to refer to television, newspapers and all media generally, and within these to sports broadcasts that are increasing year after year, this half comes the sale of broadcast rights, an important economic resource that makes the sport (among other things) fresh money.
sports newspapers in 1998 reached 20% market share, currently the best-selling newspaper in Spain is a sporting and very questionable professionalism your news as who controls and works in the media not only has the power to set priorities, provide explanations and build their own versions of events, have the ability to project much more important events such as natural, as if real (Masterman, 1993). This power of control and modeling is no doubt means one of the most powerful today.
Behind the social interests of the sport holds political interest expressed by large media companies.
The development of sports is closely related with the increased interest of various kinds around him, so the media by the scope of the disclosure of sports entertainment and high competition.
Cazorla (1979) and Garcia Ferrando (2006) consider the world of sport as a business as a way to stimulate economic activities in a variety of business activities, representing a multimillion dollar business, hence governments try to all costs to control the political and administrative activities.
Sports show:
What
makes a sport is entertainment? The answer is the professionalization and commercialization of this, funding from the consumer, industrial commercial sponsors, managers of private financing, contracts of foreign players, the media and finally the gaming environment to the results sports.
Olympism has become not only the instrument of international politics but also of large commercial interests, has created a demand for sports entertainment, from this point out doping. Its widespread due to the need to achieve victory at all costs. The consequences doping negative comes a new concern on the part of agencies and institutions and thereby regulating the taking of substances that cause a yield greater than physiological. Hoberman (1984) wondered whether the technological sport in the competition will be among equals in the sense of being handpicked athletes and pharmacologically manipulated as viewers will we be concerned?.
Violence and Sport
We can find different forms of aggression and violence in different spheres of human activity. Whether in personal relationships, work, family, professional, political commercial and therefore should not be surprised also appeared in one of the most important characteristic of contemporary society, sport. When referring to the sport, you need to conceptualize it is the sport because it is such that we mean, and is colloquially it as such on many occasions and it is not. So we will distinguish between what is physical activity as exercise, physical education and sport. Parlebas (2002), referring to the sport, considered primarily a motor situation subject to rules that define a competition (discarding feature free activities and impromptu).
So different categories of activities appear also called sport, such as education sport and recreational sport. The first and that takes place within the hours and on school grounds, as part of the contents of the EF. led by physical education professionals. Recreational sport with a purpose of entertainment and pastime for its practitioners. The competitive sport where the agonistic component appears, practiced in a systematic and organized by federations and clubs, looking for results or wins the final target. Finally, the sports-competition show, where the component agonistic is linked to a number of factors, whether economic, political, social, making it the center of attention, displacing the previously mentioned in terms of their social, and influencing them with regard to the creation of stereotypes and transmit values discussed regarding their advantages and disadvantages. It is the latter, which will focus our attention, by virtue of the breadth of research being carried out and where most of the studies and theories are focused, as sport is often the subject of reflection on the aggressive behavior and violent.
"Sports promote mental health, peace of mind .... can alleviate the natural hostility, aggressiveness and competitiveness. Reduce crime, criminality and violence. "(Singer, 1975).
Sport is a mirror of society. Today replaces religion, agnostics say. The sporting events are phenomena masses attached to what he says René Girard, philologist and anthropologist who studies mimetic desire. According to Girard, we are people and a desire to be, loving and above all to find the other. For natural law of life itself, this desire healthy becomes a desire to imitate the other, envy, to possess ... and, on the other hand, if not as the other, 'I I'm the best. " Competition in sport is a usual thing: there is fascination with violence.
Finally we can summarize all these sociological aspects of sport in a few simple points:
Today
• Physical Education is a vital area in the school curriculum.
• The standards of beauty makes the woman is not well seen in certain sports.
• Gender is present at sporting events and sports thus creating inequalities between men and women, you just have to see the difference between women's sportswear and men's.
• Sport is a global phenomenon that affects the economy, politics and society.
• The mass media make a spectacle of sport to move large amounts of money. This show tries to make policy major commercial and political interests.
• The high performance sports searches sponsorship massive spectacle of mass spectator sport becoming in turn the spectator sport can lead the athlete to get maximum performance through doping
• Violence occurs primarily by feelings of fan identification with their team
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